Anatolia; parts of the Balkan Peninsula and eastern Europe; parts of the Maghrib
O”oman empire
1299–1923
O’oman empire (1299–1923) • Anatolia; parts of the Balkan Peninsula and eastern Europe; parts of the Maghrib (North
Africa -‐ excluding Morocco), the Arabian Peninsula; and Egypt • One of the longest-‐lasDng dynasDes in world history -‐-‐ruled over a vast territory • Mehmed II captured ConstanDnople (May, 1453). Istanbul became capital
O’oman empire (1299–1923) • Anatolia; parts of the Balkan Peninsula and eastern Europe; parts of the Maghrib (North Africa -‐ excluding
Morocco), the Arabian Peninsula; and Egypt • One of the longest-‐lasDng dynasDes in world history -‐-‐ruled over a vast territory • Mehmed II captured ConstanDnople (May, 1453). Istanbul became capital • Defeated Mamluks in Syria in 1516 and in Egypt in 1517. Control of Mecca & Medina • Becomes principal Islamic state • Many O”oman sultans were great patrons of the arts.
O”oman empire (1299–1923) Why did the O”oman Empire become so powerful for so long? • Gunpowder
Great Turkish Bombard (later called the Dardanelles gun)
Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror
• Embraced military technology – including gunpowder. • Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror. thoroughly recognized the
potenDal of Western military hardware, Many previous Islamic powers relied on Bow and arrow, sword and shield.
• Used the cannon to launch large cannonball to break down the walls of many forDfied ciDes – including ConstanDnople.
• Great Turkish Bombard invented 1450. cast in bronze capable of firing stone canon balls of over 25 inches in width over several miles.
O”oman empire (1299–1923) Why did the O”oman Empire become so powerful for so long? • Gunpowder • Integrated O”oman government and Islamic law
• O”oman sultans (poliDcal and military leader) also declared themselves caliphs (religious AND poliDcal leader of absolute authority. )
• Took over the leadership of Sunni Islam.
O”oman empire (1299–1923) Why did the O”oman Empire become so powerful for so long? • Gunpowder • Integrated O”oman government and Islamic law • Structured bureaucracy
• Took young ChrisDan boys from across the empire – taken good care of -‐ loyal only to the sultan. The book smart ones worked in the palace, others in the military
O”oman empire (1299–1923) Why did the O”oman Empire become so powerful for so long? • Gunpowder • Integrated O”oman government and Islamic law • structured bureaucracy • Great wealth
• O”oman’s receiving tax money across the empire
O”oman, Dagger with Sheath, 18th century, H. with sheath 20 in.; H. without sheath 18 1/2 in.; H. of blade 13 1/4 in. ; W. 3 1/8 in; D. 15/16 in.; Wt. 15.2 oz.; Wt. of sheath 4.6 oz
O”oman empire (1299–1923) Why did the O”oman Empire become so powerful for so long? • Gunpowder • Integrated O”oman government and Islamic law • structured bureaucracy • Great wealth • Known internaDonally
• InternaDonally known. The face of Islam – in charge of Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem since the final round of crusades. Built large, austere structures similar to the Hagia Sophia
Eugène Delacroix, Turk Seated on a Sofa Smoking (A Turk Smoking on a Divan), 1835?, Oil on canvas, 24 x 32 cm, Musee du Louvre
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37
Hagia Sophia • Originally a ChrisDan church • One of the pieces of architecture that has changed the course of architecture • Unique in the 6th century because of the scale (size) and design
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37 CE
Dome more than 180 feet high -‐ highest dome ever built. -‐Large central rectangle space -‐Dome in center -‐Flanked by two semi-‐circles
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37 CE Structural qualiDes are hidden
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37
Arabic calligraphy -‐ ConstanDnople conquered by the O”oman Turks. Turned it into a mosque in 1453. Was a mosque unDl 1934, then it became secularized and turned into a museum.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37 Mosque 1453, Museum 1934
8 calligraphic roundels added aher conquest: Allah, Muhammad, 4 Righty Guided Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Uthman, Umar, and Ali), and last two are Muhammad’s grandsons.
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37 CE
• When built Hagia Sophia marked a new ChrisDan architecture.
• Interior creates a feeling of the spiritual world
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37 CE
Suleyman ruled 1520-‐66 • “the Magnificent” • “the Lawmaker” • regarded as a “Golden Age,”
defined by geographic expansion, trade, and economic growth, as well as cultural and arDsDc acDvity.
Sinan (1491-‐1588) • Chief royal architect 1538-‐1588 • Most well-‐known Islamic architect • Responsible for over 100 buildings
Melchior Lorck, (Danish 1527-‐1564), Sultan Süleyman and the Süleyman Mosque, ConstanDnople, 1554 (or earlier) , altered in 1688 to represent Ibrahim I (Sultan of the O”oman Empire from 1640 unDl 1648).; Portrait of Sultan Suleiman, Engraving, 15 13/16 x 11 1/4 in
Tughra -‐ Official Signature of Sultan Süleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66), Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper, H. 20 1/2 in. x W. 25 3/8 in
O”oman Turkish is translated as: “Suleiman, son of Selim Khan, ever victorious.” Below, in gold, it reads: “This is the noble, exalted, brilliant sign-‐manual, the world-‐illuminaDng and adoring cipher of the Khaqan [may it be made efficient by the aid of the Lord and the protecDon of the Eternal]. His order is that […]” • Unique, not easily read or copied.
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, 1550-‐1556, Istanbul
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Selimiye Complex, 1568-‐74, Edirne, Turkey,
• Establishment of Corps of Royal Architects – Sinan as leader
• Imperial style across empire • Architects trained in the capital (Istanbul) and spread the style throughout the empire
• No more influence of different regional styles.
O”oman exterior composiDon: • Tall slender minarets • MulDple grey lead covered domes
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, 1550-‐1557
• Basic unit is dome on square
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, 1550-‐1557
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532-‐37
Sinan created: • Pyramidal cascade of smaller domes surrounding the large dome, mulD-‐Dered windows • Appearance is different than the heavily bu”ressed Hagia Sophia.
• Tall slender minarets
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, 1550-‐1557 • Smaller domes rise, layered on step plauorms to emphasize the colossal dome, which is flanked by two half domes
O”oman exterior composiDon: • White stone wall • Arched openings with windows
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, 1550-‐1557
O”oman architecture: • Arched arcades
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, Exterior view of courtyard 1550-‐1556
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Süleyman I, Interior view 1550-‐1556
FenestraDon pays a large part in the decoraDon of the interior. Rhythm and balance of windows
• Arched openings of windows • Minimal interior decoraDon -‐ Two tone voussoirs
Central dome -‐ flanked by two half domes
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Selimiye Complex, 1568-‐74, Edirne, Turkey, Date of photograph: 1990
• White stone wall • Arched openings with windows • Tall slender minarets • MulDple grey lead covered domes • Basic unit is dome on square
Completed when Sinan was 80 -‐ final masterpiece • Stresses the achievement of the height by removing the two side ½ domes and the cascading domes.
• Further emphasized the central dome with eight short pointed turrets (small tower on a large tower)…and then further framed by perfectly symmetrical minarets
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Selimiye Complex, 1568-‐74, Edirne, Turkey, Date of photograph: 1990
Here the minarets were taller and narrower than any other structure.
O”oman, Mosque Complex of Selimiye Complex, 1568-‐74, Edirne, Turkey, Date of photograph: 1990
Complex of Sultan Ahmed I (Blue Mosque) Istanbul, 1609-‐17
Sinan death in 1588. Structure completed by students
Complex of Sultan Ahmed I (Blue Mosque) Istanbul, interior, 1609-‐17
• Some 21,000 Iznik Dles on the inside
• High point od O”oman ceramics is the second half of the 16th century. Thousands of Dles being produced for the imperial buildings in large empire
Dish depicDng two birds among flowering plants, Stonepaste; polychrome painted under transparent glaze, H. 2 3/8 in. Diam. of rim: 11 3/16 in., 1574
• Similar to Chinese porcelains
• AddiDon of Iznik red – pigment made of red clay
O”oman ceramics • Iznik -‐Center of the
producDon of ceramic vessels and Dles in the O”oman empire.
• Iznik is a small town in northwestern Turkey
O”oman Tile panel, Stonepaste; polychrome painted under transparent glaze, H. 53 5/16 in., W. 53 9/16 in., D. 2 3/8 in. with tabs Wt. 194 lbs.
• O”oman’s very bureaucraDc society
• Ceramic producDon controlled by the government
• O”oman court paid fixed prices, but po”ers preferred to see on the open market – royal decree put a stop to that.
Dish with Cypress Tree, Saz Leaves, and Roses, 1575-‐80, Stonepaste; polychrome painted under transparent glaze, H. 1 1/2 in., Diam. 11 7/8 in.
Underglaze painted Dles, O”oman, Mosque Complex of Selimiye Complex, 1568-‐74, Edirne, Turkey, Date of photograph: 1990
Iznik -‐ originally disDncDve red color, from red clay. Eventually came to mean all Dles produced there
TEXTILES: Saz style -‐ characterized by the depicDon of stylized, serrated leaf foliage,
Fragment of an O”oman Court Carpet, wool, late 16th century, Rug: L. 62 in. W. 69 1/4 in., Wt. 21lbs
Gun set of Mehmud I, 1732, O”oman Turkey, Jewled gun, with pen box, spoon, flintock cleaner, reed pen in penholder, pen knife, and dagger. Cut and polished gemstones.
• Royal collecDons express power
• Example of the jeweled tradiDon in O”oman metalwork
The grip, guard, and pommel are gilded silver, set with emeralds and rubies, and engraved with abstract designs.
Gun set of Mehmud I, 1732, O”oman Turkey, Jewled gun, with pen box, spoon, flintock cleaner, reed pen in penholder, pen knife, and dagger. Cut and polished gemstones.